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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<link href="manual.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<title>Comfignat</title>
<meta name="Author" xml:lang="sv" content="Björn Persson" />
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<body>
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<h1>Comfignat</h1>
<p>Comfignat is common, convenient, command-line-controlled compile-time
configuration of software built with the
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gnat_ugn_unw/">GNAT tools</a> on
Unix-like operating systems. It consists of a makefile foundation to be
included by your makefile, and an abstract GNAT project file to be imported by
your project files.
Leveraging <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/make/">GNU Make</a> and
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gnat_ugn_unw/Preprocessing-with-gnatprep.html">Gnatprep</a>,
Comfignat adds the flexibility that GNAT project files lack, so that programs
and libraries whose build systems are built around Comfignat can easily be
configured for all sorts of use cases. Comfignat also helps with configuration
and installation of files that GNAT project files don't handle, so that the
build system can install the whole software package, not just the compiled
files. At the same time Comfignat greatly reduces the amount of Make code that
needs to be written for every new project.</p>
<h2 id="features">Features</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Users and distributions can build and install the software with the
traditional commands “<samp>make</samp>” and
“<samp>make install</samp>”.</p></li>
<li><p>All aspects of the build are fully configurable through directory
variables, program-name variables and options variables. These configuration
variables are compatible with the
<a href="https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Makefile-Conventions.html">GNU
Coding Standards</a>.</p></li>
<li><p><var><a href="https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/DESTDIR.html">DESTDIR</a></var>
is supported, so installation can be done to a staging directory or directly
to the target system.</p></li>
<li><p>Configuration variables can be saved in a file and will then be used in
every subsequent Make invocation. This is convenient in particular for
developers who can configure debugging options or nonstandard paths in their
development environments.</p></li>
<li><p>The build can be controlled entirely from a command prompt, which means
that it can be scripted. There is no need to edit or patch configuration files.
This is important in particular for distributions with automated build
systems.</p></li>
<li><p>Users who build and install from source do not need to run a
configuration script. They can do any configuration they need directly in the
Make command.</p></li>
<li><p>Directories projects are supported. A directories project is a
GNAT project file that defines directory variables for use by other project
files. If a directories project is provided, then Comfignat will configure the
project files to use the directory variables it defines.</p></li>
<li><p>Out-of-tree building is supported. There can be several separate build
directories with different configurations.</p></li>
<li><p>Multiarch operating systems are supported. Library instances built for
different architectures can coexist in a computer system if the system provides
a directories project that refers to different directories depending on the
target architecture.</p></li>
<li><p>Relocatable binary packages can be built. Comfignat can be instructed to
convert the directory variables into relative pathnames and configure the
project files with those, so that the installed directory tree as a whole can
be moved to another location in the filesystem without breaking the project
files.</p></li>
<li><p><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gnat_ugn_unw/The-GNAT-Make-Program-gnatmake.html">Gnatmake</a>
and <a href="http://docs.adacore.com/gprbuild-docs/html/gprbuild_ug.html">GPRbuild</a>
are both supported, which makes Comfignat suitable for both mixed-language
projects and pure Ada projects.</p></li>
<li><p>The Make code that is needed to do all of this is generic, so that only
a minimal amount of Make code needs to be written for each project. An
uncomplicated project may need only two or three lines of Make code to build
and install the software itself. Test suites, documentation et cetera add to
this.</p></li>
<li><p>Make is not a hard requirement. Comfignat uses some advanced features of
GNU Make that may not be supported by other clones and forks of Make. If a
system's native Make doesn't have those features and GNU Make isn't available,
then it's possible to bypass Make and run first Gnatprep and then Gnatmake or
GPRbuild manually. It's less convenient to build that way though, and some of
the features listed here are lost.</p></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="download">Download</h2>
<p>The code is available for download
<a href="https://www.xn--rombobjrn-67a.se/Comfignat/download">as a tarball</a>,
and is also browsable
<a href="https://gitorious.org/comfignat/comfignat/trees/master">on Gitorious</a>.</p>
<h3 id="license">License</h3>
<p>The following applies to all of Comfignat including this document:</p>
<p>Copyright 2013 Björn Persson, Bjorn@Rombobjörn.se</p>
<p>This material is provided as is, with absolutely no warranty expressed
or implied. Any use is at your own risk.</p>
<p>Permission is hereby granted to use or copy these files
for any purpose, provided the above notices are retained on all copies.
Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is granted,
provided the above notices are retained, and a notice that the code was
modified is included with the above copyright notice.</p>
<h2 id="quickstart">Getting Started</h2>
<p>This is the least that you have to do to use Comfignat:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Copy the files
<a href="comfignat.gpr.gp"><var>comfignat.gpr.gp</var></a>,
<a href="comfignat.mk"><var>comfignat.mk</var></a> and
<a href="INSTALL"><var>INSTALL</var></a> to your source tree.</p></li>
<li><p>Write a GNAT project file to control the build. Import
“<samp>comfignat.gpr</samp>” (without “<samp>.gp</samp>”) and use the variables
that the project <var>Comfignat</var> defines.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Use <var>Comfignat.Objdir</var> for <var>Object_Dir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>If your project file builds a program, then use
<var>Comfignat.Stage_Bindir</var> for <var>Exec_Dir</var>, unless the program
is only intended to be executed by other programs and not run manually from a
command prompt, in which case it should be placed under
<var>Comfignat.Stage_Libexecdir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>If your project file builds a library, then use a subdirectory of
<var>Comfignat.Stage_Includedir</var> for <var>Library_Src_Dir</var>,
<var>Comfignat.Stage_Libdir</var> for <var>Library_Dir</var>, and a
subdirectory of <var>Comfignat.Stage_Alidir</var> for
<var>Library_ALI_Dir</var>.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>If your project is a library, then write a project file for other
projects to import to use the library. Give it a filename that ends with
“<samp>.gpr.gp</samp>”. It will be run through Gnatprep to generate the actual
project file without the “<samp>.gp</samp>” suffix. Make it import the project
file that the preprocessor symbol <var>Directories_GPR</var> specifies, but
only if <var>Directories_GPR</var> is defined. Do not import
<var>comfignat.gpr</var>. Use the symbol <var>Includedir</var> in the value of
<var>Source_Dirs</var>, use <var>Libdir</var> for <var>Library_Dir</var>, and
use <var>Alidir</var> as part of <var>Library_ALI_Dir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Write a makefile that includes <var>comfignat.mk</var>. The makefile
shall set the variable <var>build_GPRs</var> to the filename of the
build-controlling project file. For a library it shall also set the variable
<var>usage_GPRs</var> to the filename that the usage project file will have
after preprocessing. That's all that is required of the makefile. Everything
else is optional.</p></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="quickstart_example">Example</h3>
<p>Here's a complete set of project files and makefile containing everything
that is necessary for building an uncomplicated shared library and installing
it where the user wants it:</p>
<div class="example file"><h5><code>build_example.gpr</code></h5>
<pre class="gpr">with "comfignat.gpr";
library project Build_Example is
for Library_Name use "example";
for Library_Kind use "dynamic";
for Library_Version use "libexample.so.1";
for Library_Interface use ("Example");
for Object_Dir use Comfignat.Objdir;
for Library_Src_Dir use Comfignat.Stage_Includedir & "/example";
for Library_Dir use Comfignat.Stage_Libdir;
for Library_ALI_Dir use Comfignat.Stage_Alidir & "/example";
end Build_Example;</pre></div>
<div class="example file"><h5><code>example.gpr.gp</code></h5>
<pre class="gpr">#if Directories_GPR'Defined then
with $Directories_GPR;
#end if;
library project Example is
for Library_Name use "example";
for Library_Kind use "dynamic";
for Source_Dirs use ($Includedir & "/example");
for Library_Dir use $Libdir;
for Library_ALI_Dir use $Alidir & "/example";
for Externally_Built use "true";
end Example;</pre></div>
<div class="example file"><h5><code>Makefile</code></h5>
<pre class="make">include comfignat.mk
build_GPRs = build_example.gpr
usage_GPRs = example.gpr</pre></div>
<h2 id="howto">How to Use Comfignat</h2>
<h3 id="where">Where to Place Files</h3>
<p>During the build, the files that will be installed are collected in a
directory structure under a staging directory whose name is held in the
variable <var>stagedir</var>. In the installation step that whole directory
structure is copied to the directory specified in <var>DESTDIR</var>, or to the
root directory if <var>DESTDIR</var> is empty. Compiled programs, libraries,
ALI files and needed library sources are written to the staging directory by
the GNAT tools if the build-controlling project files are written correctly.
Comfignat automatically stages usage project files. To get other files
installed, the makefile needs to either copy them to the appropriate directory
under the staging directory, or instruct the tools that generate those files to
write them there.</p>
<p>Comfignat defines several directory variables to allow distributions and
installing users to control where in the filesystem different kinds of files
get installed and where applications write their files at run time. Variables
whose names begin with “<var>stage_</var>” point to the directories under the
staging directory where the files shall be written during the build. Variables
without the “<var>stage_</var>” prefix tell where the files will be in the
target system after installation, and are suitable for embedding in programs
where the directory names are needed at run time, and in usage project
files.</p>
<p>Directory variables are available as Make variables to makefiles that
include <var>comfignat.mk</var>, as GNAT project variables to build project
files that import <var>comfignat.gpr</var>, and as preprocessor symbols to
usage project files that are preprocessed with Gnatprep. If the Make variable
<var>relocatable_package</var> is set to “<samp>true</samp>” on the command
line, then the variables for embedding will be relative to <var>bindir</var> in
build project files, and relative to <var>gprdir</var> in usage project
files, except that <var>bindir</var> will instead be relative to
<var>libexecdir</var>, and <var>runstatedir</var> and <var>lockdir</var> are
always absolute.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Programs that can be run from a command prompt shall be placed in
<var>stage_bindir</var>. Build project files shall use
<var>Comfignat.Stage_Bindir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Programs that are only to be run by other programs, not by users, shall
be placed under <var>stage_libexecdir</var>,
<var>Comfignat.Stage_Libexecdir</var> in build project files. If there are
several such programs they should probably be under a separate subdirectory.
Programs that need to invoke such programs shall have
<var>Comfignat.Libexecdir</var> compiled in.</p></li>
<li><p>Idiosyncratic read-only architecture-independent data files shall be
placed under a separate subdirectory of <var>stage_datadir</var>. Programs
shall look for them under <var>Comfignat.Datadir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Configuration files – host-specific data files that aren't modified in
the normal course of their use but may be modified by system administrators –
shall be placed under <var>stage_sysconfdir</var>. If there are several they
should probably be under a separate subdirectory. Programs shall look for them
under <var>Comfignat.Sysconfdir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Idiosyncratic variable data files shall be placed under a separate
subdirectory of <var>stage_statedir</var>. Programs shall read and write them
under <var>Comfignat.Statedir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>If your program keeps cached data files that it can regenerate if they
are deleted, then those files shall be kept under a separate subdirectory of
<var>Comfignat.Cachedir</var>. You won't install cached files but you may want
to create the subdirectory under <var>stage_cachedir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Log files shall be written under <var>Comfignat.Logdir</var>. You won't
install log files but you may want to create a separate subdirectory under
<var>stage_logdir</var> if your program writes its own log files.</p></li>
<li><p>Small files that take part in describing the state of the system and
that exist only while the program is running, such as process identifier files
and transient Unix-domain sockets, shall be sought and created under
<var>Comfignat.Runstatedir</var>. (This is <strong>not</strong> the place for
temporary files in general.)</p></li>
<li><p>Lock files that are used to prevent multiple programs from trying to
access a device or other resource at the same time shall be sought and created
under <var>Comfignat.Lockdir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Ada specifications, C headers and other source files that are needed for
compilation of other software that uses your libraries shall be placed under
<var>Comfignat.Stage_Includedir</var> by build project files, usually under a
separate subdirectory. Usage project files shall get the directory from the
preprocessor symbol <var>Includedir</var>. These files should normally be
architecture-independent.</p></li>
<li><p>If you have architecture-specific source files that you need to make
available to other software that uses your libraries, then you should refactor
your code to encapsulate the architecture-specific bits in the compiled code
and keep the API clean. But if you really must install such files, then you may
put them under a separate subdirectory of <var>stage_archincludedir</var>.
Usage project files shall get the directory from the preprocessor symbol
<var>Archincludedir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Binary libraries shall be placed in <var>Comfignat.Stage_Libdir</var>
by build project files. Usage project files shall get the directory from the
preprocessor symbol <var>Libdir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Ada library information (ALI) files shall be placed under a separate
subdirectory of <var>Comfignat.Stage_Alidir</var> by build project files. Usage
project files shall get the directory from the preprocessor symbol
<var>Alidir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Other architecture-specific files shall usually be placed under a
separate subdirectory of <var>stage_libdir</var>. (It will be the same
subdirectory that ALI files are placed in when
<var>alidir</var> = <var>libdir</var>.) Programs shall look for them under
<var>Comfignat.Libdir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Comfignat puts usage project files in <var>stage_gprdir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Locale-specific message catalogs shall be placed in the appropriate
subdirectories under <var>stage_localedir</var>. Programs shall look for them
under <var>Comfignat.Localedir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Documentation in the Man format shall be placed in the appropriate
subdirectories under <var>stage_mandir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Documentation in the Info format shall be placed in
<var>stage_infodir</var>.</p></li>
<li><p>Other documentation files shall be placed under a separate subdirectory of
<var>stage_miscdocdir</var>.</p></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="directories_projects">Directories Projects</h3>
<p>A directories project is a GNAT project file that defines directory
variables for use by other project files. It may be defined by an operating
system and contain the standard directories on that system, or it may be
written by a system administrator to encode local policy. Comfignat configures
project files to use a directories project if the Make variable
<var>dirgpr</var> is set on the command line.</p>
<p>A Comfignat-compatible directories project shall define the following
variables:</p>
<dl>
<dt><var>Hardware_Platform</var></dt>
<dd>A short string, suitable for use in filenames, that identifies the current
target architecture.</dd>
<dt><var>Bindir</var></dt>
<dd>The directory for programs that can be run from a command prompt.</dd>
<dt><var>Libexecdir</var></dt>
<dd>The top-level directory for programs that are intended to be run by other
programs rather than by users.</dd>
<dt><var>Includedir</var></dt>
<dd>The top-level directory for (normally architecture-independent) source
files to be used in the compilation of software using libraries.</dd>
<dt><var>Archincludedir</var></dt>
<dd>The parent of libraries' separate library-specific directories for
architecture-specific source files to be used in the compilation of software
using libraries, for any libraries that absolutely must install such
files.</dd>
<dt><var>Libdir</var></dt>
<dd>The directory for binary libraries to be used by other software, and the
top-level directory for other architecture-specific files.</dd>
<dt><var>Alidir</var></dt>
<dd>The parent of libraries' separate library-specific directories for
Ada library information files.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Here's an example of what a directories project may look like:</p>
<pre class="example gpr">abstract project System_Directories is
type Platform_Type is ("i386", "x86_64", "ppc", "ppc64", "ia64");
Hardware_Platform : Platform_Type := external ("HARDWARE_PLATFORM");
case Hardware_Platform is
when "i386" | "ppc" | "ia64" =>
Lib := "lib";
when "x86_64" | "ppc64" =>
Lib := "lib64";
end case;
Libdir := "/usr/" & Lib;
Bindir := "/usr/bin";
Libexecdir := "/usr/libexec";
Includedir := "/usr/include";
Alidir := Libdir;
Archincludedir := Libdir & "/include";
end System_Directories;</pre>
<p>This directories project belongs in a multiarch operating system where
libraries are kept in either <var>/usr/lib</var> or <var>/usr/lib64</var>
depending on which architecture they are compiled for. The directories project
sets <var>Libdir</var>, <var>Alidir</var> and <var>Archincludedir</var>
to the right directories for the target architecture based
on an environment variable. A library project that uses this directories
project will therefore automatically adapt to the current target architecture,
so that 32-bit and 64-bit instances of the library can be installed in parallel
and the right library will be used in every build.</p>
<h3 id="options">Options</h3>
<p>Your software may have optional features or properties that can be enabled
or disabled at build time. Comfignat can help you define options for those.
Each option is represented as a Make variable whose value can be
“<samp>true</samp>” or “<samp>false</samp>”, which installing users and
distributions are expected to override on the command line. The names of these
variables should be listed in the variable <var>options</var>. Each option
should also be assigned a default value, unless it shall be mandatory to always
set it on the command line. Comfignat will check that the variables listed in
<var>options</var> have valid Boolean values.</p>
<p>Here's a makefile fragment that defines two options:</p>
<pre class="example make">options = enable_frobnicator atomic_doodads
enable_frobnicator = false
atomic_doodads = true</pre>
<p>Options listed in <var>options</var> will be conveyed as preprocessor
symbols to preprocessed files and as external variables to build project
files.</p>
<h3 id="build_tools">Build Tools and their Arguments</h3>
<p>There are several options variables that let installing users and
distributions control which arguments the build tools are invoked with. They
have names that end with “<var>FLAGS</var>”, and are documented in
<var>INSTALL</var>. The value of <var>GNATFLAGS</var> is a combination of the
other options variables and must not be modified in a way that disregards the
other variables. Apart from that restriction you can assign default values to
optional arguments in these variables, but be sure to do the assignments with
“<samp>?=</samp>” so that environment variables can override your defaults.</p>
<p>The value of <var>Gnatprep_arguments</var> will be passed to Gnatprep when a
file is preprocessed, and <var>builder_arguments</var> will be passed to
GPRbuild or Gnatmake when a project is built. These variables are not meant to
be overridden by users. They may be used for preprocessor symbols, external
variables for project files or other arguments that are essential for the build
to work. Global default values for optional arguments should be set in the
options variables instead.</p>
<p>The program-name variables <var>GNATPREP</var> and <var>GNAT_BUILDER</var>
allow installing users and distributions to control the commands that invoke
the build tools, for example to use a specific version or a wrapper. You can
set <var>GNAT_BUILDER</var> to “<samp>gnatmake</samp>” if you want to build
with Gnatmake instead of GPRbuild by default, but again be sure to do the
assignment with “<samp>?=</samp>” so that environment variables can override
your default.</p>
<h3 id="configuration">Persistent Configuration</h3>
<p>Those Make variables that installing users are expected to change can be
configured persistently. Run “<samp>make configure</samp>” with some variables
set on the command line or in the environment. Those variables will then be
saved in a file named <var>comfignat_configuration.mk</var>, which will be
loaded in all subsequent Make invocations. Additional variables can be
configured incrementally. Make variables that can be overridden by environment
variables can also be configured from the environment, whereas those variables
that can only be overridden on the command line can only be configured from the
command line. In subsequent Make invocations environment variables
override values that were configured from the environment, and variables set on
the command line override all configured values. The configuration can be
erased with “<samp>make unconfigure</samp>” or as a part of
“<samp>make distclean</samp>”.</p>
<p>The command “<samp>make show_configuration</samp>” may be used to view the
current configuration. It outputs the configured variables in Make assignment
syntax, but easier to read than the actual configuration file. Variables that
were configured from the command line are shown as ordinary assignments with
“<samp>=</samp>”, and those that were configured from the environment are shown
as conditional assignments with “<samp>?=</samp>”.</p>
<p>The variables that can be configured are listed in the variable
<var>configuration_variables</var>. The variables listed in <var>options</var>
are included. You can make additional variables configurable by appending their
names to <var>configuration_variables</var>.</p>
<h3 id="build_directories">Separate Build Directories</h3>
<p>Instead of building in the source tree you can use a separate build
directory. All generated files will then be written under the build directory
and the source tree will not be modified. You can have several build
directories with different configuration files in them. To set up a new build
directory, run “<samp>make configure builddir=/some/pathname</samp>”. The
variable <var>builddir</var> will not be saved in the configuration; instead a
configuration file will be written in the specified directory. A makefile will
also be written in the build directory unless there is one already. This
generated makefile will delegate all commands to the main makefile in the
source directory so that Make can conveniently be invoked from the build
directory.</p>
<p>If you use separate build directories, then you should do all your builds in
separate build directories and not build anything in the source directory. If
there are generated files with the same name both in the source directory and
in the build directory, then the wrong file may be used in some cases.</p>
<p>If a build project file is preprocessed with Gnatprep, then the preprocessed
file will be in the build directory, so it can't refer to source directories
with pathnames relative to the project file or rely on the source files being
in the same directory as the project file. The preprocessor symbol
<var>Srcdir</var> must be used in the value of <var>Source_Dirs</var>. Its
value is the directory where <var>comfignat.mk</var> is, which is usually the
root of the source tree. Here's an example:</p>
<pre class="example gpr">for Source_Dirs use ($Srcdir & "/tools");</pre>
<h3 id="installation_instructions">Adjusting the Installation Instructions</h3>
<p>After writing your makefile and project files, you should adapt the
installation instructions in <var>INSTALL</var> to your project. The file will
be useful to users as-is, but it will be more helpful if you edit it. Put the
title of your project in the heading, add information about optional features
and testing, and delete parts that don't apply to your project.</p>
<h2 id="news">News</h2>
<h3 id="news_1.2">Noteworthy changes in version 1.2</h3>
<ul>
<li><p>The directory variables <var>alidir</var> and <var>archincludedir</var>
were added.</p></li>
<li><p>The directory variable <var>runtimedir</var> was renamed to
<var>runstatedir</var> to keep Comfignat compatible with the GNU Coding
Standards.</p></li>
<li><p><var>Comfignat.Bindir</var> was made relative to
<var>Comfignat.Libexecdir</var> when relocatable_package is true.</p></li>
<li><p>Comfignat's behaviour in sub-Makes was fixed so that subprocesses
working in subdirectories use the right build and staging directories.</p></li>
<li><p>The ability to save environment variables in the persistent
configuration was added.</p></li>
<li><p>The Make target <var>show_configuration</var> was added.</p></li>
</ul>
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